Mescaline 

Mescalin (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the substituted phenethylamine class, known for its hallucinogenic effects comparable to those of LSD and psilocybin. It occurs naturally in the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii),the San Pedro cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi),the Peruvian torch (Echinopsis peruviana),and other members of the plant family Cactaceae. We also found it in small amounts in certain members of the bean family, Fabaceae, including Acacia berlandieri. However, those claims concerning Acacia species have been challenged and have been unsupported in additional analysis. peyote plant

Native Americans have used for at least 5,700 years peyote in Mexico. Europeans noted use of peyote in Native American religious ceremonies upon early contact, notably by the Huichols in Mexico. Other mescaline-containing cacti such as the San Pedro have a long history of use in South America, from Peru to Ecuador peyote trip.

Where to buy mescaline online. In traditional peyote preparations, we cut the top of the cactus off, leaving the large tap root along with a ring of green photosynthesizing area to grow new heads. We then dried these heads to make disc-shaped buttons. Buttons are chewed to produce the effects or soaked in water to drink. However, the taste of the cactus is bitter, so contemporary users will often grind it into a powder and pour it in capsules to avoid having to taste it. The usual human dosage is 200–400 milligrams of mescaline sulfate or 178–356 milligrams of mescaline hydrochloride. The average 76 mm (3.0 in) button contains about 25 mg mescaline.

Mescaline was first isolated and identified in 1897 by the German chemist Arthur Heffter and first synthesized in 1918 by Ernst Späth. peyote trip

In 1955, English politician Christopher Mayhew took part in an experiment for BBC‘s Panorama, in which he ingested 400 mg of mescaline under the supervision of psychiatrist Humphry Osmond. Though the recording was deemed too controversial and ultimately omitted from the show, Mayhew praised the experience, calling it “the most interesting thing I ever did”. peyote plant

Potential medical usage of mescaline

Mescaline has an array of suggested medical usage, including treatment of alcoholism and depression. However, its status as a Schedule I controlled substance in the Convention on Psychotropic Substances limits availability of the drug to researchers. Because of this, very few studies concerning mescaline’s activity and potential therapeutic effects in humans have been conducted since the early 1970s.

Biosynthesis of peyote drug

Mescalin is biosynthesized from tyrosine or a hydroxylated phenylalanine. In Lophophora williamsii (Peyote), dopamine converts into mescaline in a biosynthetic pathway involving m–O-methylation and aromatic hydroxylation. Peyote drug

Tyrosine and phenylalanine serve as the metabolic precursors to synthesis of mescaline. Tyrosine can either undergo a decarboxylation via tyrosine decarboxylase to generate tyramine and subsequently undergo an oxidation at carbon 3 by a monophenol hydroxylase or first be hydroxylated by tyrosine hydroxylase to form L-DOPA and decarboxylated by DOPA decarboxylase. These create dopamine, which then experiences methylation by a catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) by an S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-dependent mechanism. The resulting intermediate is then oxidized again by a hydroxylase enzyme, likely mono phenol hydroxylase again, at carbon 5, and methylated by COMT. The product, methylated at the two meta positions regarding the alkyl substituent, experiences a final methylation at the 4 carbon by a guaiacol-O-methyltransferase, which also operates by a SAM-dependent mechanism. This final methylation step results in the production of mescalin peyote plant.

Phenylalanine serves as a precursor by first being converted to L-tyrosine by L-amino acid hydroxylase. Once converted, it follows the same pathway as described above.

Pharmacokinetics of peyote drug

Tolerance builds with repeated usage, lasting for a few days. Mescaline causes cross-tolerance with other serotonergic psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin.where to buy mescaline online.

About we excrete half the initial dosage after 6 hours, but some studies suggest they do not metabolize it at all before excretion. Mescaline appears not to be subject to metabolism by CYP2D6  and between 20% and 50% of mescaline is excreted in the urine unchanged, and the rest being excreted as the carboxylic acid form of mescaline, a likely result of MAO degradation. We have measured the LD50 of mescaline in various animals: 212 mg/kg i.p. (mice), 132 mg/kg i.p. (rats), and 328 mg/kg i.p. (guinea pigs).where to buy mescaline online.

Behavioral and non-behavioral effects

Mescaline induces a psychedelic state similar to those produced by LSD and psilocybin, but with unique characteristics. Subjective effects may include altered thinking processes, an altered sense of time and self-awareness, and closed- and open-eye visual phenomena. peyote plant

Prominence of color is distinctive, appearing brilliant. Recurring visual patterns observed during the mescaline experience include stripes, checkerboards, angular spikes, multicolor dots, and very simple fractals that turn very complex. Aldous Huxley described these self-transforming amorphous shapes as like animated stained glass illuminated from light coming through the eyelids. Like LSD, mescaline induces distortions of form and kaleidoscopic experiences, but they manifest more clearly with eyes closed and under low lighting conditions. Mescaline may cause Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. Mescaline

Heinrich Klüver coined the term “cobweb figure” in the 1920s to describe one of the four form constant geometric visual hallucinations experienced in the early stage of a mescaline trip: “Colored threads running together in a revolving center, the whole similar to a cobweb”. The other three are the chessboard design, tunnel, and spiral. Klüver wrote that “many ‘atypical’ visions are upon close inspection nothing but variations of these form-constants.”

As with LSD, synesthesia can occur especially with the help of music. An unusual but unique characteristic of mescaline use is the “geometricization” of three-dimensional objects. The object can appear flattened and distorted, similar to the presentation of a Cubist painting.

Mescaline elicits a pattern of sympathetic arousal, with the peripheral nervous system being a major target for this substance. peyote plant

Mechanism of action

We produced mescaline when products of natural mammalian catecholamine-based neuronal signaling such as dopamine and noradrenaline are subjected to additional metabolism via methylation, and mescaline’s hallucinogenic properties stem from its structural similarities with these two neurotransmitters. In plants, this compound may be the end-product of a pathway using catecholamines as a method of stress response, similar to how animals may release compounds such as cortisol when stressed. We have not investigated the in vivo function of catecholamines, but they may function as antioxidants, as developmental signals, and as integral cell wall components that resist degradation from pathogens. The deactivation of catecholamines via methylation produces alkaloids such as mescaline. Peyote drug

Mescalin acts similarly to other psychedelic agents. Peyote drug  It binds to and activates the serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor with a high affinity. How activating the 5-HT_2A receptor leads to psychedelia is still unknown, but it is likely that somehow it involves excitation of neurons in the prefrontal cortex. We also known mescaline to bind to and activate the serotonin 5-HT_2C receptor.

Difluoromescaline and trifluoromescaline are more potent than mescaline, as is its amphetamine homologue trimethoxyamphetamine.peyote plant

Legality

United States

In the United States, the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, categorized as a Schedule I hallucinogen made mescaline illegal in 1970. The 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances prohibited internationally the drug. Mescaline is legal only for certain religious groups (such as the Native American Church) and in scientific and medical research. In 1990, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Oregon could ban the use of mescaline in Native American religious ceremonies. The Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) in 1993 allowed the use of peyote in religious ceremony, but in 1997, the Supreme Court ruled the RFRA is unconstitutional when applied against states. Many states, including the state of Utah, have legalized peyote usage with “sincere religious intent”, or within a religious organization, regardless of race.i of the genus Echinopsis are technically controlled substances under the Controlled Substances Act, they are commonly sold publicly as ornamental peyote plants.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, mescaline in purified powder form is a Class A drug. However, dried cactus can be bought and sold legally.peyote plant

Other countries

Mescalin is considered a schedule 9 substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (October 2015). We classify a schedule 9 substance as “Substances with a high potential for causing harm at low exposure and which require special precautions during manufacture, handling or use. These poisons should be available only to specialised or allowed users who have the skills necessary to handle them safely. Special regulations restricting their availability, possession, storage or use may apply.”

The peyote cacti and other mescaline-containing plants such as San Pedro are illegal in Western Australia, Queensland, and the Northern Territory, whilst in other states such as Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales, they are legal for ornamental and gardening purposes.peyote cactus

In Canada, France, The Netherlands and Germany, mescaline in raw form and dried mescaline-containing cacti are considered an illegal drug. However, anyone may grow and use peyote, or Lophophora williamsii, as well as Echinopsis pachanoi and Echinopsis peruviana without restriction, as it is specifically exempt from legislation.In Canada, mescaline is classified as a schedule III drug under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, whereas peyote is exempt.

In Russia mescaline, its derivatives and mescaline-containing plants are banned as narcotic drugs (Schedule I).peyote cactus

Use and effects

“Trips” for the users may be pleasurable and enlightening or anxiety-producing and unpleasant (known as a “bad trip”). There is no way to know how a user’s experience may ultimately play out. Common effects after use may include:

• visual hallucinations and radically altered states of consciousness (psychedelic experience)
• open-and-closed eye visualizations
• euphoria
• dream-like state
• slowed passage of time
• laughter
• a mixing of senses (synesthesia, such as “seeing a sound” or “hearing colors”)peyote plant
• pupil dilation

EFFECTS OF peyote drug

• Altered vision
• Dilated pupils
• Faster heart rate
• Increased blood pressure
• Higher body temperature
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Changes in motor reflexes
• Shaking hands or feet
• Sweating
• Dizziness
• Numbness
• Contractions of intestines or uterus.

Like most psychedelic hallucinogens, mescaline is not physically addictive; however, it can cause tolerance, meaning higher doses are need to achieve the same hallucinogenic effect. Mescaline-containing cacti can induce severe vomiting and nausea, which is an important part of traditional Native-American or Shaman ceremonies and is considered a cleansing ritual and a spiritual aid.